Biosynthesis and Antibiofilm Activity of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles
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Averrhoa bilimbi fruit extract was used as a reducing and capping agent during the biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles, with an emphasis on the effects of the in-situ deagglomeration approach on physical attributes and inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli biofilm. The deagglomeration method (ultrasonication vs. PVA), temperature (30, 60 °C), and zinc precursor: extract volumetric ratio (1:2, 2:1) were among the biosynthesis factors. High phase purity crystalline ZnO nanoparticles were produced by calcining biosynthesis precipitates at 375 °C. Hydrodynamic mean particle diameters of 1.0-3.5 µm compared to a mean individual ZnO particle diameter of 22 nm suggested that the final product formed soft agglomerates. Physical deagglomeration was more successful at higher temperatures, but chemical deagglomeration was more effective at lower temperatures, owing to the interaction between the deagglomeration method and biosynthesis temperature. The efficacy of biosynthesized ZnO nanoparticles was demonstrated by an average 61% reduction in E. Coli biofilm population at 50 ppm ZnO dose, which rose to 78% at 200 ppm dose. This activity was improved by lower biosynthesis temperature and precursor:extract ratio, in which higher quantity of residual extract biomolecules were available.
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