Graphical Abstract

This journal requires the submission of a "graphical" or "visual abstract" along with the main article. This abstract should provide a concise, pictorial summary of the article’s key findings. It can either be the final figure from the article or, preferably, a specially designed image that effectively conveys the content at a glance.

The graphical abstract will be visible in online search results, the contents list, and the article webpage, but it typically will not appear in the PDF or printed version of the article.

Image size: please provide an image with a minimum of 1328 x 531 pixels (w x h) using a minimum resolution of 300 dpi.

File type: preferred file types are TIFF, EPS, PDF or MS Office files.

No additional text, outline or synopsis should be included. Any text or label must be part of the image file. Please do not use unnecessary white space or a heading “graphical abstract” within the image file