Chloride Salt-Intercalated Ti2C Membranes for Ultraquick Cationic Dye Removal
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Ti2C is a 2D nanomaterial with an ultrathin layered structure. This material has remarkable properties due to the -O, -F, and -OH functional groups in surface termination, which makes it hydrophilic and suitable for membrane applications. Herein, we reported the chloride salt-intercalated Ti2C membrane for methylene blue (MB) removal. The modification was done by a simple mixing method between chloride salt and Ti2C. First, Ti2C was synthesized from its parent phase of Ti2AlC using in-situ HF etchant. Then, Ti2C was modified using chloride salt (NaCl, KCl, MgCl2, and CaCl2), and mixed cellulose ester (MCE) was used as a membrane support to produce a MXene-based membrane (MXM). The results show that chloride salt ions enhance the interlayer spacing of Ti2C due to the ability of salt cation to be inserted and replace the Li+ as intercalant. This result is also evidenced by the difference in d-spacing in XRD analysis. In methylene blue removal, the flux of the membrane was excellent, around 2000-3000 L m-2 h-1, with a dye removal value above 97%. The high dye removal is correlated with the electrostatic interaction between the negative surface of Ti2C and the positive charge of MB. Then, the remarkable performance was reached by MXM-KCl with flux and rejection of 3303.31 L m-2 h-1 and 99.01%, respectively. The excellent flux of MXM-KCl correlated with the Gibbs free energy hydration of K+ is lower than the other salt cations (Na+, Mg2+, and Ca2+). In addition, all membranes exhibit great fouling resistance, with an FRR value of about 90%.
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