The Effect of Ignition Timing on Combustion of Ammonia/Ethanol Mixtures in Spark-Assisted Compression Ignition Engine with a Sub-chamber

https://doi.org/10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2025.57.6.1

Authors

  • Takanobu Okada Postgraduate School of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Tokyo 102-8554 https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7050-6734
  • Mitsuhisa Ichiyanagi Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Tokyo 102-8554, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6021-3719
  • Emir Yilmaz Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Tokyo 102-8554, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3173-1853
  • Takashi Suzuki Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Tokyo 102-8554, https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3718-248X
  • Hikaru Shiraishi Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Tokyo 102-8554,
  • Eric Le Roy Ngwompe Souop Graduate School of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Tokyo 102-8554 https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1895-4343
  • Evan Widjaja Mechanical Engineering Department, Petra Christian University, Surabaya 60236
  • Jason Sutedjo Mechanical Engineering Department, Petra Christian University, Surabaya 60236
  • Christian Dennis Marcelo Mechanical Engineering Department, Petra Christian University, Surabaya 60236
  • Ferdinand Ronaldo Tjiotijono Graduate School of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Tokyo 102-8554
  • Gabriel Jeremy Gotama Centre for Sustainable Energy Studies, Petra Christian University, Surabaya 60236,
  • Willyanto Anggono Mechanical Engineering Department, Petra Christian University, Surabaya 60236 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4044-7264
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Abstract

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the primary contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. Ammonia (NH3) has emerged as a promising alternative fuel due to its high energy density, ease of transportation, and carbon-free molecular structure. However, its practical application is challenged by slow combustion characteristics and high ignition temperatures. This study investigates the combustion behaviour of ethanol-ammonia mixtures using a high-compression-ratio engine (17.7:1) equipped with a sub-chamber. The engine operated at a constant speed of 1000 rpm. Ammonia energy ratios of 40%, 50%, and 60% were tested across ignition timings of 0°, 2°, 4°, 6°, and 8° crank angle (CA) before top dead center (BTDC). Results indicate that advancing the ignition timing increases in-cylinder pressure and heat release rate while reducing combustion duration. Lower ammonia energy ratios yielded higher thermal efficiency. Conversely, higher ammonia content and advanced ignition timings led to increased NOx emissions.

How to Cite

Takanobu Okada, Mitsuhisa Ichiyanagi, Emir Yilmaz, Takashi Suzuki, Hikaru Shiraishi, Eric Le Roy Ngwompe Souop, Evan Widjaja, Jason Sutedjo, Christian Dennis Marcelo, Ferdinand Ronaldo Tjiotijono, Gabriel Jeremy Gotama, Willyanto Anggono (2025). The Effect of Ignition Timing on Combustion of Ammonia/Ethanol Mixtures in Spark-Assisted Compression Ignition Engine with a Sub-chamber . Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences, Vol. 57 No. 6 (2025): Vol. 57 No. 6 (2025): December, 735-746. https://doi.org/10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2025.57.6.1

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Date Log

Submitted
February 24, 2025
Accepted
August 1, 2025
Published
October 28, 2025

Keywords

  • ammonia
  • co-combustion
  • ethanol
  • ignition timing
  • sub-chamber

Issue

Vol. 57 No. 6 (2025): Vol. 57 No. 6 (2025): December

Section

Articles

How to Cite

The Effect of Ignition Timing on Combustion of Ammonia/Ethanol Mixtures in Spark-Assisted Compression Ignition Engine with a Sub-chamber . (2025). Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences, 57(6), 735-746. https://doi.org/10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2025.57.6.1

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