Hybrid Ultrasound and Advanced Oxidation Process Regeneration of Spent FCC Catalysts: Optimization and Their Catalytic Performance

Didi Dwi  Anggoro; Luqman  Buchori; Nino  Rinaldi; Silviana  Silviana; Brilliant Umara Le Monde; Muhammad Fadila  Putra; Muzakkir Mohamad  Zainol

doi:10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2026.58.2.6

Authors

Didi Dwi Anggoro
dididwianggoro@lecturer.undip.ac.id
Departement of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro, Jalan Prof. Soedarto, Semarang 50275, , Angola
Luqman Buchori Departement of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro, Jalan Prof. Soedarto, Semarang 50275, , Indonesia
Nino Rinaldi Research Center for Chemistry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Building 452, K.S.T. BJ. Habibie PUSPIPTEK, Jalan Raya Serpong, South Tangerang 15341, Indonesia
Silviana Silviana Departement of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro, Jalan Prof. Soedarto, Semarang 50275, Indonesia
Brilliant Umara Le Monde Departement of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro, Jalan Prof. Soedarto, Semarang 50275, Indonesia
Muhammad Fadila Putra Departement of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro, Jalan Prof. Soedarto, Semarang 50275, Indonesia
Muzakkir Mohamad Zainol School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Jalan Ilmu 1/1, 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

Vol. 58 No. 2 (2026): Vol. 58 No. 2 (2026): April

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Accepted December 1, 2025

Published January 12, 2026

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This study investigated the regeneration of spent fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalysts, which become inactive due to the accumulation of poisons at active sites. The objective of the study was to enhance acidity by regenerating spent FCC catalysts through ultrasonic and oxidation processes (UAOPs) and evaluate their effectiveness in synthesizing glycerol monostearate (GMS). The results demonstrate that spent FCC catalysts regenerated with UAOPs can significantly increase catalyst acidity, which plays a crucial role in GMS synthesis. The optimal conditions identified were temperature X1 (60 °C), regeneration time X2 (50 minutes), and flow rate X3 (9 L/h). This optimization was conducted using the Statistica 10 software, resulting in an optimal acidity value of 0.08460 mmol/gram. The GMS yield achieved was 25.33%, which was slightly higher than the yield reported in previous studies utilizing ZSM-5 and dealuminated Y catalysts for the synthesis of glycerol monostearate. Overall, this study suggests that spent FCC catalysts have potential applications in GMS synthesis

Anggoro, D. D. ., Buchori , L. ., Rinaldi, N. ., Silviana , S. ., Le Monde, B. U., Putra, M. F. ., & Zainol, M. M. . (2026). Hybrid Ultrasound and Advanced Oxidation Process Regeneration of Spent FCC Catalysts: Optimization and Their Catalytic Performance. Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences, 58(2), 227–242. https://doi.org/10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2026.58.2.6

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