One-dimensional Photonic Crystal with Defects to Detect Gelatine Containing Water

Ary Syahriar; Nafis Riffat  Syahriar; Muhamad Giri  Suada; Kun Mardiwati  Rahayu; Octarina Nur  samijayani; Ahmad Husin Lubis

doi:10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2026.58.5.4

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Ary Syahriar
syahriar@uai.ac.id
Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University al Azhar Indonesia, Kompleks Masjid Agung al Azhar, Jalan Sisingamangaraja Blok M. Jakarta 12110, Indonesia
Nafis Riffat Syahriar Material Engineering Department, Faculty of Mechanical and Aeronautics Engineering, Bandung Institute of Technology, Jalan Ganesa No. 10, Lebak Siliwangi, Kecamatan Coblong, Kota Bandung, Jawa Barat 40132, Indonesia
Muhamad Giri Suada Aeronautics Department, Faculty of Mechanical and Aeronautics Engineering, Bandung Institute of Technology, Jalan Ganesa No. 10, Lebak Siliwangi, Kecamatan Coblong, Kota Bandung, Jawa Barat 40132, Indonesia
Kun Mardiwati Rahayu Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University al Azhar Indonesia, Kompleks Masjid Agung al Azhar, Jalan Sisingamangaraja Blok M. Jakarta 12110, Indonesia
Octarina Nur samijayani Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University al Azhar Indonesia, Kompleks Masjid Agung al Azhar, Jalan Sisingamangaraja Blok M. Jakarta 12110, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7835-4018
Ahmad Husin Lubis Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University al Azhar Indonesia, Kompleks Masjid Agung al Azhar, Jalan Sisingamangaraja Blok M. Jakarta 12110, Indonesia

Vol. 58 No. 5 (2026): Vol. 58 No. 5(2026): October (In Progress)

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Accepted July 22, 2026

Published August 11, 2026

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Gelatine is commonly found in food, pharmaceutical, health, and cosmetic products. However, its use has generated significant debate due to concerns about the numerous sources, particularly for religious reasons. For Muslims and Jews, gelatine derived from porcine sources must be avoided, as it is strictly prohibited by religious laws. The detection in these products is important, and this led to the design of an optical biosensor based on a one-dimensional (1D) photonic crystal (PhC) with a defect layer. The aim was to detect the distinctive characteristics of gelatine with high sensitivity. Additionally, the defect layer was placed in the center of the structure, where the gelatine solution was introduced. The designed PhC structure consisted of N layers of (ZnO/SiO₂)ᴺ/defect/(ZnO/SiO₂)ᴺ. The reflectance and transmittance characteristics of the PhC were calculated by using the transfer matrix method (TMM), performed with the MATLAB software. For simplicity, the normal incidence of light on the PhC was assumed to avoid the complexities of oblique angles. Sensor performance was evaluated by calculating sensitivity (S), quality factor (Q), figure of merit (FOM), resolution (RS), and detection limit (LOD). The biosensor achieved an average S, Q, FOM, RS, and LOD of 225.7694 nm/RIU, 2249.413, 806.3185, 0.1332, and 4.13 × 10⁻⁵, respectively. These metrics showed the simple PhC design was a highly sensitive, non-invasive detection platform for monitoring and identifying gelatine-based products that did not meet Halal and Kosher requirements. The novelty of the study centered on the application of a simple 1D PhC with a defect cavity to detect gelatine concentrations in both aqueous and oily solutions, a problem that had not been addressed in detail.

Syahriar, A., Syahriar, N. R. ., Suada, M. G. ., Rahayu, K. M. ., samijayani , O. N. ., & Lubis, A. H. (2026). One-dimensional Photonic Crystal with Defects to Detect Gelatine Containing Water. Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences, 58(5), 652–660. https://doi.org/10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2026.58.5.4

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